Red blood cells (RBCs) contain a protein called iron-containing hemoglobin (Hb) that can be switched by oxygen. It moves oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the body. In develop RBCs, hemoglobin is fair recognizable. It makes up around 33% of the substance in red blood cells and is a basic component.
Production
The erythrocytes step is dependable for the generation of hemoglobin amid the erythropoiesis handle, which takes put in the bone marrow. The steps that go along with this interaction are included in this prepare, as are the propels that go along with it:
1. Erythropoietin production
The enactment of RBC arrangement and the starting of the bone marrow's generation of ruddy blood cells are started by the hormone eryopoietin, which is delivered by the kidneys.
2. Red blood cell, formation
Namely the bone marrow and generates erythroblasts, which are called precursor cells and are immuane and unnucleated and develop into mature red blood cells.
3. Hemoglobin synthesis
The erythroblasts synthesise hemoglobin en masse by the condensation of globin chains (alpha, beta, gamma, and delta) and haem groups/Iron group.
4. Red blood cell maturation
The new red blood cells that are in production are called the reticulocytes they then develop into adult red blood cells also called the reticulocytes then released into the bloodstream where they are ready for the oxygen carrying job.
Structure and Physiology
Hemoglobin is composed of four subunits: There are two alpha-globin productions and two beta-globin productions within the adult hemoglobin. Every subunit has a heme group, that is, the ring like structure consisting of an iron atom. The heme group plays a role in binding of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Functions
Hemoglobin performs the following functions:
1. Oxygen transporter
This suggests that hemoglobin in the blood is carrying oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues.
2. Regulation of pH
An indication of how hemoglobin assists in buffering is that it transports and facilitates in the release of hydrogen ions to and from tissues and cells.
3. Oxygen storage
Again, the hemoglobin is an oxygen tank in the muscles and other tissues as it unleashes the oxygen depending on the situation.
Types of Hemoglobin:
There are several types of hemoglobin, including:
1. HbA (adult hemoglobin)
It made around 95% of the grown-up hemoglobin and known as the most common sort of hemoglobin.
2. HbF (fetal hemoglobin)
Display in the fetuses amid their advancement and exist in newborns.
3. HbS (sickle cell hemoglobin)
One of the unusual shapes of the hemoglobin particle that comes about in the arrangement of sickle cells.
4. HbC (hemoglobin C)
A variant of hemoglobin that is abnormal and above is a disease known as hemoglobin C.
5. HbC
Another variation of the disease is known as a diverse point transformation in the beta-globin subunit known as βC.
6. HbE
A type of variation that presents itself regularly in the Southeast Asian populations and refers to the point mutation in the beta-globin subunit symbolized as HBB: βE.
7. HbD
A very unusual form of this disease which results from a point mutation of the beta-globin subunit gene (βD).
8. HbG
A mutation existing in a few populaces of African beginning meaning an individual change in the beta-globin subunit (βG).
Interpretation
Normal Hb concentration range: 13. 5-17. 5 g/dL in men, in women ranges between 12-16 g/dL.
Anemia: Low blood Hb < 13. 5 g/dL for males, and < 12 g/dL for females.
Polycythemia vera: Hb concentration more than 17. For male, 5 g/dL & in female, more than 16 g/dL.
Hemoglobin Concentration Estimation Methods
1. Spectrophotometry
This is the most frequently applied method used in clinical laboratories.
2. Cyanmethemoglobin
It is a process whereby Hb is transformed to cyanmethemoglobin and then the amount determined by spectrophotometry.
3. Drabkin's
Methemoglobin is oxidized from Hb using the reagents potassium cyanide and potassium ferricyanide, as determined by spectroscopy.
4. Automated Analyzers for Hematology
These instruments have a number of techniques that they employ so as to approximate the Hb concentration and include spectrophotometer and electrical impedance.
5. Haemometeric Method / WHO Color Scale
The results of three commonly used methods are presented.
Summary
Haemoglobin or Hb is an iron-protein compound in RBC which changes with oxygen and acts as an oxygen carrier to the tissues of the body from the lungs. It is a structural protein of the red blood cells constituting about a third of the material. Hemoglobin is produced during the step involving the formation of erythrocytes, which happens in the bone marrow. Hemoglobin which is found in red blood corpuscles is made of four portions, of which two are alpha-globin and the other two are beta-globin. One of the functions of the heme group is in binding of oxygen as well as carbon dioxide. Hemoglobin also serves as an oxygen carriers, pH control, muscles and tissues oxygen stores. Some forms of the hemoglobin include; adult hemoglobin, fetal hemoglobin, sickle cell hemoglobin, hemoglobin C, variations of the beta-globin and reticulocytes. Normal Hb concentration is from 13 to 17 g/dl or 4 to 5,7 mmol/l. " 5-17. Illustrated with 5 g/dL (male), 12-16 g/dL (female), and polycythemia vera. Some of the methods of estimating the concentration of haemoglobin include the use of spectrophotometer, the cyanmethemoglobin method, Drabkin’s method, and automated haematology analysers together with the haemometeric method/WHO colour scale.
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